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Dictionary / Encyclopedia

Aikido Commonly referred to by their practitioners as the Way of Love and Harmony, Aikido is literally interpreted from Japanese as Way of Energy Union. Morihei Ueshiba (1883 – 1969) officially established and registered the name of Aikido from 1942. Although born the only boy child to a farming family, Ueshiba is recorded to have preferred to stay inside and read. Always interested in philosophy and religion, he considered becoming a Buddhist monk. In an attempt to rectify his son’s puniness Ueshiba’s father encouraged the child to engage in Sumo and other physical activities.

As a young man Ueshiba tried his hand at several different vocations and could not find anything to suit him. He then decided to make a career of Martial Arts. He became a diligent student of Jujutsu, Daito – Ryu Aiki – Jutsu, and Swordsmanship and proved to be a good Instructor. He also became a follower of Deguchi Onisaburo, the master of a new religious offshoot of Shinto called Omoto – kyo.

In 1924 Ueshiba left as a follower with Onisaburo to start a Utopian Society in Mongolia. This didn’t work and Ueshiba wound up back in Japan after a stretch in a Chinese prison.

Prior to 1942 Ueshiba called his art by various names including Aikibudo and Aikinomichi. In 1942 he registered the name Aikido with the Japanese Ministry of Education. From 1942 – 1952 he would merge his religion and Jujutsu skills into a Martial Religion. Possessing a charisma of his own he would gain several followers. but this would be more to his personal magnetism than his art form. After his death in 1969 his followers would splinter off into their own styles, most not adhering to the religious structure within his art.

When taught as intended, Aikido involves much religious emphasis and actually takes some time before one reaches a level of efficient Street Skill. The style’s approach to Defense is to redirect the opponents energy and use it against them. Allegedly these techniques do not work correctly until a high level of Ki (Japanese term for Chi) is cultivated. Yet, according to interviews, many exponents of Tomiki Aikido insist that Ki doesn’t even exist. In the words of one Instructor “You are supposed to be teaching Love for your Fellow man … but there isn’t much love in a punch to the face or an elbow lock.”

When one cuts through the chase, however, the techniques of Aikido can be identified as an Internal application to the movements of Aiki – Jutsu. As a Martial Art, Aikido is often related as Japan’s answer to Taiji Quan and is effective as a Passive/Defensive Art. The Aikido Dojos who erase the concept of Ki from their art strongly favor Old – School Aiki – Jutsu.

Kisshomaru Ueshiba (1921 – 1999), third son of Morihei Ueshiba, took over as Doshu (Leader of the Way, or Religious Leader) until his death in 1999.

Allan’s Kung Fu Name of school operated by Sifu Allan Woods in West Jefferson, NC in the 1970’s and 80’s. Sifu Woods taught a version of Sil – Lum Kung Fu he said to have learned in California. This version progressed a student to Yellow, Green, Brown, then Black Belt/Sash. After receiving Black Belt/Sash status, the student next proceeded to Sifu (Instructor) level. Afterward there were no degrees, or Dan Ranks, to earn. Rather the student would proceed in one of seven electives (not unlike Boy Scouts), or directions, for advanced study. After performing to the Instructor’s satisfaction one would be recognized with a Star which could be sewn onto the Belt/Sash.

According to Mr. Woods (in a 1988 discussion with Shihan Nelson) there was one Star for T’ai Chi Ch’uan (Cheng, Man – Ch’ing short style) two different Stars for Weaponry, one Star for Outdoor Survival, and two different Stars for Animal Styles. A sixth and seventh Star were not identified. Mr. Woods allegedly received all Seven Stars by the time he was 36 years old.

The curriculum (up to Black Belt/Sash) included a well developed Staff System, two Double Stick Escrima Forms, one very weak Empty Hand Form, and an Introduction to Chin Na. A Praying Mantis Form was introduced to select students of advanced levels. Interestingly students wore Ninja, not Kung Fu uniforms.

Mr. Woods advanced only two students to Sifu Level during this time, one of which was Ricky Lee Ward of Boone, NC. Mr. Ward had begun working out in Judo with Mr. Jim Nicely and started making the trip to West Jefferson to Train with Mr. Woods in 1979 at age 18. Mr. Ward was awarded Black Belt/Sash in 1984 and Sifu the following year, opening an Allan’s Kung Fu franchise in Boone. Ultimately paying $1000.00 for franchise rights and Instruction to learn a Monkey Form.

Mr. Ward earned much local respect for his honest, straight forward teaching and by December of 1986 had received his First Star in Weaponry. During the late 1980’s a rift would develop between Mr. Ward and Mr. Woods. A Second Star would eventually be awarded to Mr. Ward in T’ai Chi Chuan, but undercurrent through the school indicated a withholding of further rank from Mr. Woods. Mr. Ward began studying Modern Arnis with the late Remy Presas and dropped use of the more combative Double Stick Escrima Forms.

Mr. Ward would then join the World Moosul Kwan Federation (a Korean Style organization) where his 2 Star Kung Fu Black Belt would be converted into a 4^th Dan Black Belt. The school named was changed to Blue Ridge Kung Fu and a commercial approach was taken. Later, students who didn’t join this Federation were not allowed to advance in rank. In 1995, only 11 years after achieving Black Belt and with 16 years of total martial experience Mr. Ward accepted a 10^th Degree Belt.

Despite serious differences, Mr. Ward is identified as one of Shihan Nelson’s Four Most Influential Instructors.

American Karate A Catch – All name used by many different Instructors and schools. Many claim to be the founder of their own style and teach under this name. More often than not, however, this isn’t a true style but a hodge – podge collection of assorted Kata from assorted Martial Art styles.

The term American Karate has been used in reference to American Open Karate, American Freestyle Karate, American Kenpo, and many others.

American Freestyle Karate Often associated with the terms American Karate and American Open Karate. This actually represents a specific style founded by Dan Anderson (author of “American Freestyle Karate: A Guide To Sparring”) in 1977 and has no connection with American Open Karate, another independent specific style.

Although regarded an Empty Hands sport oriented style, by Prof. Anderson’s definition American Freestyle Karate includes a blending of joint locks, kicks, punches, grappling, and several ranges of sparring. Weapons are also included in the form of Escrima (Arnis).

When taught as intended, the student learns to use front and back foot kicks, left and right side techniques, inside and outside forms of sparring strategy. The origonal goal was to train the student to be well rounded in sparring and Defensive situations.

Today, many exponents of this style apply their own Kata structure to their class program.

American Nine Lotus Academy Located in Hickory, NC. Rated by Yahoo Local Community users as Number One school in the Unifour County Region for Kempo, Taijutsu, Escrima, T'ai Chi, Yoga, and All Around Sefl Defense. Also offers various classes in culture arts as well as a Summer Camp Program. Originally namedLittle Joe's Academy of Martial Discipline.

American Open Karate Often associated with the terms American Karate and American Freestyle Karate. Jerry C. Piddington is documented as having founded American Open Karate as a specific style in 1972. Today, however, this is often related with Tournament Divisions that allow any and all Kata.

Regardless of the original intent of the Founder, American Open Karate is often regarded as a Catch – All style designation for Instructors to teach whatever they wish. Often a student will leave their parent school and assemble their own collection of Kata, calling it American Open Karate.

American Open Karate is almost always associated with tournament participation.

American Kenpo Developed by Ed Parker (1931-1990), he has been called one of the Fathers of American Karate. Edmund Kealoha Parker, Sr. began studying Kenpo in his native land of Hawaii under Frank Chow at the age of 16, then later William K. S. Chow. Attributed to opening the first commercial martial art studio in the United States, he opened his first karate studio in 1954 in Provo, Utah.

Formerly called Chinese Kempo, then later Ed Parker Kenpo, what became known as American Kenpo was based on circular, explosive movements which targeted specific areas. Not meant to be a style so much, but more of a system that could be tailored to the individual’s own build and strengths.

The techniques taught were developed from Trial & Error testing, not from handed down patterns based on aesthetics. Ed Parker drew from his own skills in Boxing, Judo, Kenpo, Kung Fu, and Street Fighting.

Bugei Japanese term for Military Art.

Bujutsu Japanese term for Military Discipline. Any Martial Science or study which concentrates on the true application of combat skill, defensive technique, tactics, and strategy, and does not attempt to water down, dilute, sportify, and/or incorporate religion into its practice.

Bunkai Japanese term for Application. Bunkai refers to the instruction of techniques contained in the Kata of Martial Arts systems and styles. This is unfortunately a practice becoming more and more overlooked or casually passed over in favor of tournament training.

Bujutsu practitioners hold that the artsy methods emphasized by modern Martial Practitioners are forgetting what Kata were developed for in the first place, that Kata were intended as teaching tools and not as dance-like performances for the purpose of aesthetics and trophies.

Bushi Japanese term for Warrior.

Bushido Japanese term for the Way of the Warrior. Although different versions exist, Bushido refers to a very special code by which true martial warriors adhere. The most popular Bushido code was developed during the Tokugawa Era (1603-1868 A.D.).

Cash, Johnny Although not a Martial Artist, the late Johnny Cash (1932 – 2003) is identified as one of the Top Three role models in Shihan Nelson’s life (along with Chuck Norris and Louis L’Amour). Born to a financially challenged family, he grew up in Arkansas helping to pick beans and cotton on a 20 acre farm. While in the military he began to play the guitar and sing old Country songs due to his loneliness and depression. After the service he moved to Memphis.

Life was not easy and he sold appliances door – to – door while trying to break into professional music. Eventually he got his foot in the door, but it was still slow. The road was not smooth yet he held steady.

One of the things that stood out regarding Mr. Cash is that he didn’t Sell – Out for fame. When others were dressing in rhinestones and sequins, he choose to dress in simple black. He became known as the Everyman’s Musician who sang TO the people, not AT them.

The Man in Black recorded over 1500 songs, put 48 Singles on Billboard’s Pop Charts, and won 11 Grammy’s. He wasn’t Tolerant, he Understood … a big difference. Despite his tough – guy image and rough background, he never served time in prison. Straightforward, outspoken, and known as a man of

passionate conviction, Mr. Cash made it a point to stick to his roots. His music spoke for the working person, the weak, the oppressed, the downtrodden, the underdog. He was also a supporter of the Native American. Upon his death, Johnny Cash has been identified as the single most influential musician of all time ... by professionals in Every genre of music. Like many other musicians, Shihan Nelson’s playing style has been heavily influenced by this legend. However it is the remembering of one’s roots, the courage to be a Stand – Up Person, to ever relate with the common individual that Mr. Cash stood for that Shihan Nelson strives to learn from the most.   Center Line A line down the center of the body, running from crown of the head down to the Sacrum. A vertical axis line from which all techniques involving torque and power originate.

Chi Chinese term for energy and/or breath. Chi is the living energy which pulses through the body through twelve primary channels, or meridians and has been recognized by the Chinese since before 2000 B.C. Considered the primary component for all living things.

Ching Sai Do Not truly a style of itself, but an eclectic term to identify the Martial Art practice of members of the Christian organization Black Belts of the Faith International (BBFI). Founded in 1985 by Rod Crowder, BBFI is Inter-denominational and open to practitioners of all styles.

Accepted Instructors may promote students under the Art Form of Ching Sai Do, and may themselves be promoted under the same Art Form. Ching Sai Do is to be interpreted as Way of Combat.

This is not a Paper Mill which issues rank with ease. A true Christian Character is important. Drunkenness, infidelity, drug use, and dishonesty are all areas of concern for this Ministry Based group. Martial requirements include 8 forms/kata and 40 Effective Self Defense techniques at 1^st Dan Black Belt ... 80 Self Defense techniques if the style doesn’t have Kata. One advanced Kata and a minimum of 20 Self Defense techniques are required for each rank beyond 1^st Dan Black Belt, up to 5^th Dan.

Since Mr. Crowder’s death in 1995, Mr. Fred Murphy has carried the leadership as President of BBFI. For more information go to www.blackbeltsoffaith.com.

Ch’uan Fa Chueh Yuan Shang – Jen has been credited with the development of Ch’uan Fa during the Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644 AD). To do this, he is said to have collaborated with Li Shou and Pai Yu Feng. The original 18 Patterns of the Shaolin, having been developed into combat forms, were expanded into 72 Patterns and a 5 Animal System of combat was developed. These five animals were Tiger, Leopard, Dragon, Snake, and White Crane. The term Ch’uan Fa began to be used to refer to this discipline.

Ch’uan Fa translates to Fist Law or Fist Discipline, although it is sometimes called the Five Formed Fist. Today, Ch’uan Fa is often used as a generic reference to all Chinese Arts.

Cornish Wrestling A form of Stand – Up wrestling practiced in Cornwall, England for centuries. The objective is to throw the opponent to the ground. The object is to throw an opponent from a standing position so as to cause the individual to land on their back. If a hand or knee touches the ground the hold is broken and opponents re – engage. All holds are above the waist and often opponents may oil or grease their bodies for hold resistance.

Counter, Catch, Carry See Counter, Catch, Carry under Tao of Kuhasu Jutsu of the Main Menu.

Escrima Spanish word for Sword. Also referred to as Arnis and Kali, Escrima is a Philippine Martial Art system which emphasizes use of a 2’ – 3’ stick. The stick techniques are then converted to bladed techniques. Then Empty Hand technique applications are studied. The stick is traditionally made of rattan and is called a Baston, Baton, or Cane.

The primary technique approaches are Solo Palo (also called Solo Baston), Dos Palos (also called Espada y Daga), and Sinawali (a weaving pattern using two weapons). Called the Great Equalizer by Shihan Nelson, Escrima use has little to do with strength and focuses on speed and techniques of precision. Nearly any straight tool or implement of 6” – 36” can be easily adapted to Escrima use in practical Self Defense, ranging from a key chain, ink pen, umbrella, to a broken stick laying around.

The roots of Escrima development trace back to the 16^th Century invasions of the Spanish into the Philippines. The bone shattering indigenous stick styles were blended with the fencing techniques of the Spanish. Today many of the terms associated with Escrima Arts are of Spanish nature. There are also more individual styles than can be counted.

Goju – Ryu Kanryo Higashionna (1853 – 1916) was instrumental in 19^th Century development of Naha – Te. He began the study of Tode at 16 years of age from Seisho Arakaki. In 1874 he is said to have traveled to the Fukien Providence of China and train for 20 years. Higashionna is credited with developing the Kata Sanchin.

Higashionna’s most notable students were Chojun Miyagi (1888 - 1953) and Kenwa Mabuni (1889 - 1957). From 1902 – 1915 Miyagi studied under Higashionna. He then traveled to Fukien Province and continued study until 1917. It is said that in the course of his life he studied Hung Gar, Pa Kua and T’ai Chi Chuan. Upon returning to Okinawa he taught Police officials and at several academic schools.

Miyagi thoroughly examined his art and spent much time in refining techniques. In 1930 he officially became the first to name a style by other than the name of a person or city. The term Goju is given to mean Hard & Soft and is highly reflective of circular Chinese patterns throughout the entire system.

The core Kata taught by Miyagi, and considered to him to be the most important, were Sanchin, Tencho, Seisan, and Seiunchin. Each of which are of Chinese origin. Sanchin and Tencho taught the fundamentals of posture and breathing. Seisan and Seiunchin carried the essence of Goju – Ryu.

Upon invitation to teach in Japan, it was Miyagi who became the leader in promotion of the Okinawan Art. He was instrumental in establishing standards, developing a ranking structure, setting up a controlling organization (Dai Nippon Butoku Kai), and more. In 1933 he would be the first Karate Instructor to receive the title of Kyoshi, and in 1936 he would gain a Master Instructor’s title of Meiyo Shihan. In 1936 he would also be awarded a medal for Excellence in the martial Arts from the Japanese Ministry of Education.

Gogen Yamaguchi (1909 – 1989) was put in charge of Japanese Goju – Ryu while Miyagi oversaw the Okinawan schools. It has been recorded that, although teaching many, Miyagi never actually awarded anyone Black Belt.

According to the controlling body, JKF Gojukai, 8^th Dan is the highest rank in Goju – Ryu Karate. As of 2002, less than two dozen practitioners have been awarded this rank.

Gong Fu Often pronounced Kung Fu by Westerners, this term has nothing to do with Martial Activity. It is more correctly translated from the Chinese as Great Skill and is used in reference to virtually everything. It’s original misuse to represent Chinese Martial Arts is not certain, but it is clearly a Western mistake.

It is quite possible that Chinese folk were heard making reference of someone having Gong Fu in Ch’uan Fa, and the similar sounds were misconstrued to be one and the same … as Westerners have a difficult time understanding and/or differentiating among Asian accents. This, however, is based upon Circumstantial Hypothesis and is not verifiable.

Today the terms Gong Fu and Kung Fu are universally accepted to represent Chinese Martial Arts, even among the Chinese, due to its commercial value and synonymousy.

Hapkido An extremely effective Korean art of Self Defense founded by Yong – Sul Choi (1904 – 1986). Allegedly Choi lived for 30 years in the household of Sokaku Takeda (1859 – 1943), a Daito – Ryu Aiki – Jutsu exponent, and Instructor of Morihei Ueshiba (founder of Aikido). There he claimed to have mastered all of the system’s techniques.

Eventually Choi would migrate back to his native Korea. He would begin teaching his practice and a variety of kicks would be incorporated into the system. The named was changed many times until Hapkido became official in 1958.

Hapkido gained wide scale exposure with the United States public upon release of the popular Billy Jack movies.

Hung Gar A family combat system developed during the 17^th Century AD in Southern China. Considered by many to be the closest to Shaolin Ch’uan Fa’s Five Animal System in practice today. The actual origin of this art is extremely varied. All, however recognize Hung Hee Gung as the System Founder.

The Hung Gar combat system is based on the powerful, aggressive principles of the Tiger blended with the graceful, defensive techniques of the White Crane. The core teaching Forms are Taming the Tiger and the Tiger/Crane. With the deterioration of the Shaolin Temples, the Five Animal & Element formats were absorbed into Hung Gar curriculum. Hung Gar and Wing Chun are the probable arts studied by early Okinawan practitioners.

Injo – Ryu A modern form of Taijutsu developed by Patrick Arnold in the 1970’s. Although professing no rank in any recognized martial style, Mr. Arnold drew from military experience and time served in Asia and Europe to formulate a simple, but brutally effective form of Hand – to – Hand combat. Originally referred to as Black Leopard Ninjutsu, the name Injo – Ryu (School of Interception, Negation, Judiciation, Observation) was adopted in 1979. The intent was to establish a progressive defense system compatible with Military and Law Enforcement Reconnaissance and Surveillance personnel. Mr. Arnold’s approach to training was unconventional, however. Although a Dan/Kyu system was used (6 Kyu Grades, 5 Dan Ranks, 1 High Rank of Shihan Shidoshi) belts were not awarded or worn.

All training was performed outside, in all weather, in camouflage or sweat clothes, and was very hard core and impersonal. There were no pads or throwing mats. All techniques were based on throws, joint locks, breaks, holds, and small weapons improvisation. The system did not catch on with only four individuals ever being recognized with Dan Ranks. Shihan Nelson was appointed successor of the system by Mr. Arnold in 1992 and Injo – Ryu would become the foundation for Kuhasu Jutsu.

Mr. Arnold is identified as one of Shihan Nelson’s Four Most Influential Instructors.

Jeet Kune Do Contrary to popular opinion, Jeet Kune Do is not a style or system. It is a philosophy composed by the late Bruce Lee (1940 – 1973). American born (therefore a citizen) to Chinese actors, Lee was raised in and around drama. He himself became a pronounced actor as well as dancer. He also was involved in at least one street fighting incident as a child. At age 13 he began studying Wing Chun with Sifu Yip Man. In his entire life he would only have five years of formal training in any kind of art, this would be his time in Wing Chun.

Allegedly Lee was constantly in trouble, and due to frequent brawling incidents was sent to stay with friends of the family in San Francisco in 1959. He would take several odd jobs, eventually become a student at the University of Washington, and ultimately teach his adaptation of Wing Chun to pay his way through college. It should be noted that there is no evidence that Lee was ever awarded Sifu recognition by his one Instructor. He was, however, a renegade and opened his instruction to non – Asians. This made him most unpopular among his peers.

There is much to say about how Lee was the greatest fighter in martial history, yet there is no evidence that he ever fought anyone. He did study and train with many of the most profound Instructors of the time. And he did open his mind to finding the most direct way to address an altercation. And he choreographed the most trend setting martial fighting scenes of his day.

Lee kept many notes in various volumes of paper, and he made many drawings. But he did not write the acclaimed Tao of Jeet Kune Do. This is a false representation. After his death, his widow (Linda) was instrumental in finding and compiling his many notes into one volume. This volume was published as Bruce Lee’s legacy to Martial Arts, the Tao of Jeet Kune Do.

Although the book shows many interesting ideas and concepts, it isn’t fair to represent this as Lee’s production. It was known by his closest friends that his martial perspective was still in it’s fundamental growing stages. Had Lee been in charge of this production it is highly unlikely it would have looked anything like it did. Tao of Jeet Kune Do is still a money maker, however, and that unfortunately is the bottom line for those in certain circles.

Bruce Lee was an actor who also studied Martial Arts. He was an innovator in both fields, but he seemed a man who held to certain ideals. Jeet Kune Do was his philosophy in study and martial application. According to his pattern at time of death, one should study everything they can … but also train to empty oneself of all intent so as to respond naturally to a given situation. He would most likely be as infuriated at today’s many Jeet Kune Do Instructors as he was of a completely unskilled David Carradine being cast in the TV series Kung Fu.

Judo A Martial Sport developed by Prof. Jigoro Kano (1860 – 1938), who studied several forms of Ju Jutsu, and called Kodokan Judo in 1884 AD. With the passing of Japan’s feudal era, the importance of combat arts took a different meaning. Envisioning a progressive and character building sport within the movements of Jujutsu, Prof. Kano established a system of rules for safe play and competition. He focused on the throwing aspects of the various Jujutsu arts, implemented a Dan/Kyu system to separate skill levels (see Birth of the Black Belt under Synoptic History of the Main Menu), and his art of Judo caught on.

Judo is translated from Japanese as Gentle Way and is identified with philosophical development, as well as physical technique. In 1887 the Japanese Ministry of Education accepted Judo as a sport within the regular school system. Prof. Kano is recognized as the Father of Japanese Sports and was instrumental in bringing Karate to Japan.

An Army Sergeant and Judo Practitioner, remembered only as Dave, introduced Shihan Nelson to Martial Arts in 1971. He never claimed to be an Instructor, but became a friend and imparted to a young and abused boy the foundation by which a lifelong study would be built upon.

Dave is identified as one of Shihan Nelson’s Four Most Influential Instructors.

Ju Jutsu Also spelled Jiu Jitsu, Ju Jitsu, and Jujutsu. Originally the unarmed form of combat practiced by the Samurai of Feudal Japan. Joint locks, throws, bone breaking techniques, and lethal strikes and blows based on sword movements formed the core of the ancient versions. During the end of the Feudal Era, however, Japan’s attitude to combative arts changed. During the 19^th Century AD Ju Jutsu became a sport of sorts. Judo’s advent then changed things.

Prof. Kano’s students began to dominate the Ju Jutsu contests, and eventually many players joined the Judo growth. Only a few chose to maintain original Combat Ju Jutsu, but these systems are not popular in today’s market.

Modern Ju Jutsu has become a sporting contest based on submission locks and choke – outs. The names most associated with this sport are the Gracie’s (of the Helio Gracie line) from Brazil. Helio learned from his older brother, Carlos (student of Esai Maeda), but branched off from the traditional system and made his own way. He, and his children followed suit, ultimately went out looking for fights. The Helio Gracie family have made a career of issuing challenges and hurling insults in order to provoke these fights. Many in popular Martial Art Magazines.

Just as the Most Deadly Art attitude of Korean Karate attracted the attention of certain military personnel in the 1960’s & 70”s, Gracie Jiu Jitsu is attracting the same following today. It is amusing, and interesting, to see so many camouflaged personnel discussing how this is the most effective Hand – to – Hand art there is. Yet there are always just two combatants rolling around on a mat with several fellows standing around watching. No footage is shown depicting one person defending against several assailants with this so – called Unbeatable System.

As a 1 – on – 1 art, however, it is quite effective.

It should be noted, however, that another line of Brazilian practitioners are also active teaching. The Machado Brother’s and their system alumni are recognized as being high in Integrity and Honor. Endorsed by Chuck Norris, these brothers did not build a reputation by hurling insults to provoke challenge matches.

L’Amour, Louis Louis Dearborn L’Amour (1908 – 1988) is identified as one of the Top Three role models in Shihan Nelson’s life (along with Johnny Cash and Chuck Norris). The only novelist to be award both the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal (26 Aug 1982), he broke John Steinbeck’s sales record with Bantam Books, has outsold the next ten best – selling Western Writers combined, a few days after his death he received notice that his sales had topped 200 million copies. Yet he was 45 years old when his first book was published.

A 10^th – Generation American, L’Amour spent the first 15 years of his life in Jamestown, North Dakota. Immensely powerful with a hard work ethic, he put his hand to many jobs including construction, lumber jacking, hay baling, mining, cattle skinning, and seaman. He made rank the hard way and became an officer in the military, was stranded in the Mohave Desert, has been around the world by boat, and held the Native American Peoples (and other similar Aboriginal Cultures) with highest regard.

Although not considered a Martial Artist in the modern sense, L’Amour was a veteran warrior. A rough – n – tumble street fighter, he also won 51 of 59 Prize Fights and became a trainer of several successful Golden Glove Boxing Teams. He understood grappling, Cornish Wrestling, and was familiar with many Asian hand techniques. Until the very end, the 6’ 2” 220 lb man worked out with weights, drilling the heavy bag, and swam daily in his pool.

Not only did L’Amour rise up from humble beginnings, but he held a strict code of authentic representation. Rather than just write interesting stories, L’Amour went to great pains to research and know the facts of everything he wrote about. Nor did he write for appraisal of critics, whom were regarded with as much respect as a Sterile Pony on a Breeding Farm. It is this attention to facts, actual history, and philosophical approach to life that Shihan Nelson endeavors to apply to Real World Self Defense and long term training principles.

Kata Japanese term for a choreographed series of movements and techniques. The original Karate – Jutsu Kata were developed in Okinawan as moving textbooks with which to teach several levels of combat applications (Bunkai). An increasing number of modern Instructors don’t even bother with Bunkai. A Kata is taught, the student wins a trophy with it, the student gets promoted. The student hasn’t a clue as to what the Kata is even about. Some Trophy Hunting Instructors, with the audacity to call themselves Masters, even teach high level Kata such as Kusanku to children … hoping that the child will gain points on the Competition Floor.

Kempo The Japanese/Okinawan translation for Ch’uan Fa. The term Kempo is often used generically for Chinese Martial Arts in general. Styles and systems which identify with the term Kempo usually imply usage of a circular and fluid manner of technique, rather than the linear approach of Japanese Karate and offshoot styles.

Kenpo Translated from Japanese as Fist Method. The term is a modernized version of Kempo which has been transmitted through Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands. The term was first used by William K. S. Chow (1914 – 1987) in 1944. Though often associated with Kung Fu, the Forms taught were based on Japanese Karate Kata. Nor is there any evidence that Prof. Chow ever studied Kung Fu. The term Kenpo was originally coined to differentiate from the teachings of Prof. Chow’s former Instructor, Dr. James Mitose (1916 – 1981).

Kick Boxing A term which represents any manner of full contact, stand – up pugilism involving both hands and feet.

Kuhasu Jutsu Look under Tao of Kuhasu Jutsu of the Main Menu.

Kung Fu Americanized pronunciation for Gong Fu. See Gong Fu.

Norris, Chuck A man who can be identified as The Embodiment of a True Martial Artist. Mr. Norris is identified as one of the Top Three role models in Shihan Nelson’s life (along with Johnny Cash and Louis L’Amour). Born Carlos Ray Norris on 10 March 1940, is of Irish and Cherokee decent.

Extremely shy, un – athletic, an no good father figure … Mr. Norris was raised by his mother and grandmother. They instilled within him solid principles, however, that would carry him throughout his life. While serving in the Air Force in Korea, he was harshly manhandled while performing his duty (Military Police). Mr. Norris began studying Judo and the little known art of Tang Soo Do. Training was not easy, and he had to be self motivated. One of the more difficult techniques for him to learn was a Spinning Kick, but through persistence it would become his trademark. In route to a Black Belt he would break his hand twice and his nose once. During his Black Belt test (Tang Soo Do) he froze up and forgot a Kata he was to perform … and failed his test. Three months later he would test again, and succeed.

Mr. Norris did not study to gain titles, he learned for Self Defense, Personal Development, and Self Confidence. Teaching was a matter of course resulting from others watching him train (back in the U.S.). His first official studio was a 15’ x 30’ building which he called Chuck Norris Karate. His Competition Career began with a need for school exposure. This was in the day when Karate Tournaments were new. The politics of today were not in place, and good form and technique was critically important.

Mr. Norris was 24 years old when he entered his 1^st Karate Tournament. His three students won while he lost. Over the years he would cross train with the best of partners. He competed from 1964 – 1974, when he retired as 6 time undefeated World Professional Middle Weight Karate Champion. Some of the names he defeated were “Skipper” Mullins, Joe Lewis, Hiroshi Nakamura, and Louis Delgato. He would also become friend and occasional training partner with Bruce Lee. He would teach Mr. Lee kicking techniques, and Mr. Lee would work with him on circular movements.

Ultimately Mr. Norris would found Chun Kuk Do Karate and the United Fighting Arts Federation. In 1997 he would become the first Westerner to be awarded 8^th degree Black Belt Grand Master in Tae Kwon Do.

Martial Arts Champion, Movie Star, TV Personality, Writer, Instructor, Representative of Total Gym, wealthy individual … yet Mr. Norris is unlike some who charge for autographs (one former World Champion Kick Boxer required $100.00 when one Academy student asked for an autograph). He uses his fortune to help others. The Kick Drugs Out of America dba KickStart, founded by Mr. Norris in 1990, is an outstanding tool for working with kids. He is also a supporter of many charitable organizations. For more information go to www.chucknorris.com

Mr. Norris’s book The Secret of Inner Strength, My Story is required reading (with report due) before Brown Belt Testing at the American Nine Lotus Academy.

Quan Shu Translated from Chinese as Fist Art; Quan Shu is a generic term which represents any Chinese form of systemized hand-to-hand combat. It should be noted that there were, and still are, many forms of Chinese Martial Arts other than the famed Shaolin Arts.

Other generic terms used include Ch’uan Fa, Gong Fu, Kempo, Kung Fu, and Wu Shu.

Ryu Translated from Japanese as School. Ryu is often used as a suffix with other terms to represent and identify specific Martial Styles of a general type of art (i.e. the Goju – Ryu of Karate, or the Daito – Ryu of Aiki – Jutsu).

Shaolin Ch’uan Fa See The Shaolin Truth under Synoptic History of the Main Menu.

Shaolin Goju Quan Kempo Eclectic style developed by Sifu Charles Raye Brown (1936 - ). Based on Twelve Tigers Kung Fu, Wing Chun and T’ai Chi Ch’uan learned from Joe Man – Jen Hung (?? - ??) with infusions of Ryukyu Kempo and Okinawan Goju – Ryu. Sifu Brown emphasized Internal Training first, then External Power later. Balance, rooting and redirection tempered by explosive power strikes are the core of this style. Only Empty hand Forms are taught and begin with Yang Long Form, then a blending of Wing Chun Forms, Twelve Tigers Internal & External Forms are next, with integrations of Sanchin, Tencho, Seisan, Seiunchin, and Chinto Kata.

From 1989 – 1993 he taught privately out of a small barn just outside of Johnson City, TN.

Sifu Brown’s profession was Commercial Sales, yet expressed interest in traveling to Beijing to pursue fulltime Cancer & Chi Gong Research. One of Shihan Nelson’s Four Most Influential Instructors, he is described as “… shorter than average, bald but bearded, strong as a mule, gentle as a lamb, and the only guy to date I could never take down. He taught by asking questions.”

Shorin – Ryu Considered the oldest of Okinawan Styles, Shorin – Ryu grew from Shuri – Te (see The Course of Karate under Synoptic History of the Main Menu). The oldest Classical Kata in Karate trace back to this style. Shorin is the Japanese/Okinawan term for Shaolin.

There are three branches of Shorin – Ryu taught today: Shobayashi – Ryu (Chotoku Kyan), Matsubayashi – Ryu (Shoshin Nagamine), Kobayashi – Ryu (Chosin Chibana, the first to use the name Shorin – Ryu).

Sil – Lum The Cantonese pronunciation for Shaolin. Also spelled Siu Lum.

Shinobi Japanese term for Spirit Warrior, (or Espionage Agent, by modern precepts). Another word for what is often referred to, today, as a Ninja. Although depicted in movies as an ultimate assassin, the Shinobi was more of an information gatherer. Nor were they constantly dressed in black.

Standing Brocade General Yeuh Fei is attributed to having developed an exercise program for his soldiers during the Southern Sung Dynasty (1177 – 1279 AD). Drawing from the 18 Pattern exercises of Bodhidharma, the Yi Gin Ching, the General developed the 12 Pieces of Brocade (Shih Er Dun Gin). This was later condensed into the 8 Pieces of Brocade (Ba Dun Gin). Since that time many variations of the 8 Brocade have developed. Shihan Nelson has studied and researched different versions of this discipline since 1988 AD and formulated the 9 Pieces of Brocade (Jiu Dun Gin) in 2001 AD. It is this discipline to which he attributes his personal cure of several tumors, control of High Blood Pressure and Tourette Syndrome, and to the warding off of a near Heart Attack.

When practiced correctly, an individual will blend 108 successive breaths with controlled, flowing motions over a period of approximately 28 – 30 minutes. These exercises will gently stretch every major muscle group, work muscles rarely used in our modern culture, and massage the organs of the body. This set relaxes and invigorates the body, drastically boosts the immune system, and is in the professional opinion of Shihan Nelson the most singularly important exercise system any person could ever learn.

Tae Kwon Do Tae Kwon Do is to Korea what baseball is to the United States. An extremely physical martial sport, Tae Kwon Do specializes in spectacular kicking techniques combined with very linear blocks and strikes.

When the sport began to grow in popularity in the 1960’s, claims to date Tae Kwon Do back to 37 BC began in an attempt to separate it’s roots from Japanese origin. Despite the popularity of these claims, as well as references to some ancient paintings, concentrated research has proven that this sport cannot be traced earlier than the mid 20^th Century.

A para - military group called the Hwarang traces to the Silla Dynasty (668 – 935 AD). Later, Su Bak appeared during the Koryo Dynasty (935 – 1392 AD). Martial activity nearly disappeared during the Yi Dynasty (1392 – 1907 AD). However, Korea’s love of competitive games remained, including a kicking game known as Taekyon.

After Korea was annexed by Japan (1908) many of the brighter students were brought to Japan for education. Here the students were introduced to the Japanese versions of Karate. After Korea’s liberation (1945 AD) many of these students returned with their knowledge. By enhancing the Shotokan style Kata they had learned with dance-like kicks, a series of Kwans, or schools began to emerge. Originally this art was called Kong Soo Do or Tang Soo Do, the Korean pronunciations for the Japanese term Karate.

The sport aspect of Korean culture prevailed over Self Defense applications, and the young instructors strove to differentiate Korean Karate from the Japanese. New rules for competition were developed and strong emphasis was put on kicking.

The Korean Taekwondo Association was formed in 1964 and the term Tae Kwon Do adopted under General Hong Hi Choi (1918 – 2002).

Because of it’s beautiful kicking elements, practitioners of modern Extreme Karate often use Tae Kwon Do as a base for their martial elements in floor routines.

Tang Soo Do (see Tae Kwon Do) …… As the competition oriented instructors began cultivating what is now called Tae Kwon Do, a few remained loyal to the concept of Self – Defense. Although much attention was given to the development of varied kicking techniques, the emphasis was on actual hand-to-hand combat as opposed to aesthetic beauty. Although not as popular as Tae Kwon Do, when properly taught Tang Soo Do is arguably one of the more versatile Stand Up fighting arts available today.

Taiji Quan See Introduction to Taiji Gong under Internal Arts of the Main Menu.

Taijutsu Translated from Japanese as Body Discipline. This is not a style of Martial Art, but a type (such as Karate, Kung Fu, or Ju Jutsu). With the advent of commercialized so – called Ninja Organizations, it is often publicized that Taijutsu traces back approximately to an 11^th Century religious order. The name alone does not hold this in context, as Japanese grammar is careful to differentiate between aesthetic, spiritual, and physical practices. Indeed, none of the indigenous Nippon (Japanese) Bugei follow the same methodology of technique as Taijutsu.

The practice and study of Taijutsu does not involve wide, exaggerated movements. Rather, all movements are directly associated with Center Line theory. It is interesting to note that the combat principles and philosophy involved are synonymous with Wing Chun, Chin Na and Taiji Quan. Considered an Inside Fighting discipline, Taijutsu maximizes the concepts of leverage, timing, and acupoint application. Strength and endurance are secondary.

Modern Ju Jutsu is based on grappling, submissions, and one – on – one ground work. Taijutsu is strictly militaristic is application. Where Ju Jutsu was originally a Secondary means of defense for disarmed Samurai, Taijutsu has been identified as the primary combat discipline of Shinobi Do. Joint manipulation, throws, and ground fighting techniques are all part of the study, but the Taijutsu practitioner understands there is no time to play around. They must be up quickly and ready to address multiple potential threats and then be “Out of There”.

Any technique compatible with Center Line theory can be utilized for Taijutsu. Every hand movement translates to a weapons technique. Adaptation to an infinite number of potential Combat Tools is essential to Taijutsu training. Because Shinobi Do is stealth oriented, Quick Strike, Redirective, and Acupoint Techniques are emphasized rather than up front, Duke – it – Out style fighting. Consider this … a spy (or under cover agent) who is caught needs to get away. This involves different a combat approach from a field warrior. Resourcefulness becomes the true weapon.

Wing Chun Translated from Chinese as Beautiful Springtime. Also called Wing Tsun, this Southern Shaolin (Fukien Temple) system is held to have been developed during the 17^th Century AD. There are several versions regarding the origin of Wing Chun. All of which involve the Shaolin Nun, Ng Mui. Ng Mui has been recognized as one of the Five Elders who refined Ch’uan Fa, a previous Taoist and accomplished Martial Artist prior to joining the Shaolin Temple, and founder of the Plum Flower Fist style.

One origin story holds that the Five Elders, one of whom was the Warrior Nun, Ng Mui, decided to develop a new combat system. This was to be a simple structure of fundamental defensive techniques, quick to learn but compatible with all other Martial Styles. In this way young students could learn to defend themselves against the Manchu warriors in a fraction of the time previous. Before, it could take 10 – 20 years to become truly versed in a classical art form.

This new system was developed to be straight to the point of defense, not fancy or with sophisticated movements. The techniques were based on Centerline Theory and each movement could be both block & strike. Deflection, parrying, trapping, joint locks, cavity strikes and simple forward kicks form the nucleus of the system with White Crane & Snake techniques as the foundation. The hall this system was taught in became known as the Wing Chun Hall.

Another story holds that after the Manchu warriors burned the temple, Ng Mui escaped and refined what she knew into a single art form. This was eventually taught to a young girl named Yim Wing Chun, who in turn propagated the art. Therefore the art came to be called after her.

Yet another story holds that Ng Mui watched a White Crane fighting (some say a snake, others say a fox) and created a fighting style based on what she saw. She ultimately taught Yim Wing Chun who developed the style further.

Circumstantially, the first origin story is most probable. But there is no clear evidence in any direction. It is very probable that the Fukien styles studied by several Okinawan practitioners were Wing Chun and Hung Gar. The Sanchin and Tencho Katas of Goju – Ryu bear remarkable similarities with Wing Chun Forms.

Known as the original style of the late Bruce Lee, Wing Chun is fast moving system in which both hands, and often the feet, move in concert with each other. A short range art, Wing Chun is complimentary with any other combat form. Short blade weaponry is exceptionally compatible with the hand techniques.

Often called Wimpy or Ineffective by unlearned or two – dimensionally minded practitioners, the three Hand Forms of this art (Sil Lum Tao, Chum Kil, and Bil Jee) are Internal in nature and entwined with Chi Gong.

Wu Shu Translated from Chinese as Military Art; Wu Shu is a generic term which represents pre – 20^th Century Chinese forms of systemized Hand – to – Hand Combat. Not to be confused with Modern Wushu.

Wu Shu, Modern An acrobatic, dance-like sport sanctioned by the Peoples Republic of China, similar in form to traditional Wu Shu but in which actual combat techniques are downplayed.

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